Robert K. Merton, a sociologist, discussed academic norms in the 1930s. He outlined the development of scientific norms, influenced by 17th century Puritanism and societal mores. Merton emphasized scientific autonomy, integrity, clear communication, and organized skepticism as vital norms. He also discussed factors impeding science, such as Nazi ideology and Lysenkoism. Merton’s discussions on the methods of obtaining evidence, interpreting knowledge, and cultural values governing scientific activities further elucidated academic norms. These norms form a scientific ethic, shaping a scientist’s conscience. Merton’s work provides insights into understanding academic norms and the consequences of violating them.
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When I use a word . . . Academic norms, a scientific ethic, and the scientific conscience
