Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine historically used to prevent tuberculosis, but it has been repurposed as an immunotherapy to treat bladder cancer. The vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to recognize and destroy tuberculosis bacteria, and it has been found to have indirect anti-cancer properties. BCG is delivered directly into the bladder to trigger an immune response that targets and destroys cancer cells. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, BCG has shown success in treating early-stage bladder cancer and has been approved by the FDA as the first cancer immunotherapy.
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Repurposing BCG for Bladder Cancer: How the TB Vaccine Changed the Face of Cancer Treatments
