Academic norms define the standards of behavior expected from academics, including preservation of autonomy, integrity, a priori formulation of hypotheses, appropriate research methods, and respect for others’ work. Violations of these norms are classified as felonies, which include fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, and misdemeanors, which are questionable research practices. Research misconduct has increased since the 1980s, with estimates showing prevalence rates higher than desired. Factors influencing the risk of misdemeanors include contract type, career stage, academic field, commitment to norms, and gender. Detection and prevention of these violations are crucial in maintaining the integrity of academic research.
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When I use a word . . . Academic integrity—felonies and misdemeanours
