Timing stroke: A review on stroke pathophysiology and its influence over time on diffusion measures

The diversity and disparity of the glial scar.

Nat. Neurosci. 2018; 21: 9-15https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0033-9

• Albach F.N.
• Brunecker P.
• Usnich T.
• Villringer K.
• Ebinger M.
• Fiebach J.B.
• Nolte C.H.

Complete early reversal of diffusion-weighted imaging hyperintensities after ischemic stroke is mainly limited to small embolic lesions.

Stroke. 2013; 44: 1043-1048https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.676346

• Alegiani A.C.
• MacLean S.
• Braass H.
• Gellißen S.
• Cho T.H.
• Derex L.
• Thomalla G.

Dynamics of water diffusion changes in different tissue compartments from acute to chronic stroke—a serial diffusion tensor imaging study.

Front. Neurol. 2019; 10: 1-7https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00158

• Alexander A.L.
• Lee J.E.
• Lazar M.
• Field A.S.

Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain.

Neurotherapeutics. 2007; 4: 316-329https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011

• Alia C.
• Spalletti C.
• Lai S.
• Panarese A.
• Lamola G.
• Bertolucci F.
• Caleo M.

Neuroplastic changes following brain ischemia and their contribution to stroke recovery: novel approaches in neurorehabilitation.

Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017; 11: 1-22https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2017.00076

Inflammation and stroke: an overview.

Neurotherapeutics. 2016; 13: 661-670https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0483-x

• Axer H.
• Gräßel D.
• Brämer D.
• Fitzek S.
• Kaiser W.A.
• Witte O.W.
• Fitzek C.

Time course of diffusion imaging in acute brainstem infarcts.

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2007; 26: 905-912https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21088

Antiedema therapy in ischemic stroke.

Stroke. 2007; 38: 3084-3094https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.490193

• Baril A.A.
• Gagnon K.
• Descoteaux M.
• Bedetti C.
• Chami S.
• Sanchez E.
• Gosselin N.

Cerebral white matter diffusion properties and free-water with obstructive sleep apnea severity in older adults.

Hum. Brain Mapp. 2020; 41: 2686-2701https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24971

• Baron C.A.
• Lla Kate M.
• Gioia L.
• Butcher K.
• Emery D.
• Budde M.
• Beaulieu C.

Reduction of diffusion-weighted imaging contrast of acute ischemic stroke at short diffusion times.

Stroke. 2015; 46: 2136-2141https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008815

• Battey T.W.K.
• Karki M.
• Singhal A.B.
• Wu O.
• Sadaghiani S.
• Campbell B.C.V.
• Kimberly W.T.

Brain edema predicts outcome after nonlacunar ischemic stroke.

Stroke. 2014; 45: 3643-3648https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006884

The biological basis of diffusion anisotropy.

in: Diffusion MRI: From Quantitative Measurement to In vivo Neuroanatomy: Second Edition (Second Edi). 2013https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396460-1.00008-1

• Belov Kirdajova D.
• Kriska J.
• Tureckova J.
• Anderova M.

Ischemia-triggered glutamate excitotoxicity from the perspective of glial cells.

Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2020; 14: 1-27https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.00051

• Bernhardt J.
• Hayward K.S.
• Kwakkel G.
• Ward N.S.
• Wolf S.L.
• Borschmann K.
• Cramer S.C.

Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce.

Int. J. Stroke. 2017; 12: 444-450https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493017711816

• Bhagat Y.A.
• Hussain M.S.
• Stobbe R.W.
• Butcher K.S.
• Emery D.J.
• Shuaib A.
• Beaulieu C.

Elevations of diffusion anisotropy are associated with hyper-acute stroke: a serial imaging study.

Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2008; 26: 683-693https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2008.01.015

• Boukadi M.
• Marcotte K.
• Bedetti C.
• Houde J.-C.
• Desautels A.
• Deslauriers-Gauthier S.
• Brambati S.M.

Test-retest reliability of diffusion measures extracted along white matter language fiber bundles using HARDI-based tractography.

Front. Neurosci. 2019; 12: 1055https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.01055

• Broocks G.
• Faizy T.D.
• Flottmann F.
• Schön G.
• Langner S.
• Fiehler J.
• Gellissen S.

Subacute infarct volume with edema correction in computed tomography is equivalent to final infarct volume after ischemic stroke: improving the comparability of infarct imaging endpoints in clinical trials.

Investig. Radiol. 2018; 53: 472-476https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0000000000000475

• Budde M.D.
• Janes L.
• Gold E.
• Turtzo L.C.
• Frank J.A.

The contribution of gliosis to diffusion tensor anisotropy and tractography following traumatic brain injury: validation in the rat using Fourier analysis of stained tissue sections.

Brain. 2011; 134: 2248-2260https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr161

Injury and repair mechanisms in ischemic stroke: considerations for the development of novel neurotherapeutics.

Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 2009; 10: 644-654

• Carmichael S.T.
• Kathirvelu B.
• Schweppe C.A.
• Nie E.H.

Molecular, cellular and functional events in axonal sprouting after stroke.

Exp. Neurol. 2017; 287: 384-394https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.007.Molecular

• Cho A.H.
• Sohn S. Il
• Han M.K.
• Lee D.H.
• Kim J.S.
• Choi C.G.
• Kang D.W.

Safety and efficacy of MRI-based thrombolysis in unclear-onset stroke: a preliminary report.

Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2008; 25: 572-579https://doi.org/10.1159/000132204

A macroscopic view of microstructure: using diffusion-weighted images to infer damage, repair, and plasticity of white matter.

Neuroscience. 2014; 276: 14-28https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.004

• Curran K.M.
• Emsell L.
• Leemans A.

Quantitative DTI measures.

in: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Practical Handbook. 2016: 65-87https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3118-7

• De Figuereido E.H.M.S.G.
• Borgonovi A.F.N.G.
• Doring T.M.

Basic concepts of MR imaging, diffusion mr imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging.

Magnet. Reson. Imag. Clin. NA. 2011; 19: 1-22https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2010.10.005

• Dumont M.
• Roy M.
• Jodoin P.M.
• Morency F.C.
• Houde J.C.
• Xie Z.
• Descoteaux M.

Free water in white matter differentiates MCI and AD from control subjects.

Front. Aging Neurosci. 2019; 11: 1-9https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00270

• Dziewulska D.
• Mossakowski M.

Cellular expression of tumor necrosis factor a and its receptors in human ischemic stroke.

Clin. Neuropathol. 2003; 22: 35-40

• Farquharson S.
• Tournier J.-D.

High angular resolution diffusion imaging.

in: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Practical Handbook. 2016: 383-406https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3118-7

• Fragata I.
• Alves M.
• Papoila A.L.
• Ferreira P.
• Nunes A.P.
• Moreira N.C.
• Canhão P.

Prediction of clinical outcome in subacute subarachnoid hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging.

J. Neurosurg. 2019; 130: 550-558https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.10.JNS171793.550

• Froeling M.
• Pullens P.
• Leemans A.

DTI analysis methods: region of interest analysis.

in: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Practical Handbook. 2016: 175-182https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3118-7

• Fu Y.
• Liu Q.
• Anrather J.
• Shi F.

Immune interventions in stroke.

Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2015; 11: 524-535https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.144.Immune

• Harris A.D.
• Pereira R.S.
• Mitchell J.R.
• Hill M.D.
• Sevick R.J.
• Frayne R.

A comparison of images generated from diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging data in hyper-acute stroke.

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2004; 20: 193-200https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20116

• Ho M.L.
• Rojas R.
• Eisenberg R.L.

Cerebral edema.

Am. J. Roentgenol. 2012; 199https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.8081

• Ivanova M.V.
• Yu D.
• Dragoy O.V.
• Shklovsky V.M.
• Dronkers N.F.

Diffusion-tensor imaging of major white matter tracts and their role in language processing in aphasia.

Cortex. 2016; 85: 165-181https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.019

• Jayaraj R.L.
• Azimullah S.
• Beiram R.
• Jalal F.Y.
• Rosenberg G.A.

Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke.

J. Neuroinflammation. 2019; 16: 1-24https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-019-1516-2

• Johnson C.O.
• Nguyen M.
• Roth G.A.
• Nichols E.
• Alam T.
• Abate D.
• Murray C.J.L.

Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016.

Lancet Neurol. 2019; 18: 439-458https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30034-1

• Jones D.K.
• Knösche T.R.
• Turner R.

White matter integrity, fiber count, and other fallacies: the do’s and don’ts of diffusion MRI.

NeuroImage. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081

• Kidwell C.S.
• Saver J.L.
• Mattiello J.
• Starkman S.
• Vinuela F.
• Duckwiler G.
• Alger J.R.

Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging.

Ann. Neurol. 2000; 47: 462-469https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200004)47:4<462::aid-ana9>3.3.co;2-p

• Kimura-Ohba S.
• Yang Y.
• Thompson J.
• Kimura T.
• Salayandia V.M.
• Cosse M.
• Rosenberg G.A.

Transient increase of fractional anisotropy in reversible vasogenic edema.

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2016; 36: 1731-1743https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16630556

• Kliper E.
• Bashat D. Ben
• Bornstein N.M.
• Shenhar-Tsarfaty S.
• Hallevi H.
• Auriel E.
• Assayag E. Ben

Cognitive decline after stroke: relation to inflammatory biomarkers and hippocampal volume.

Stroke. 2013; 44: 1433-1435https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000536

Apparent diffusion coefficient and beyond: what diffusion mr imaging can tell us about tissue structure.

Radiology. 2013; 268: 318-322https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130420

• Leinonen V.
• Vanninen R.
• Rauramaa T.

Raised intracranial pressure and brain edema.

in: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 1st ed. Vol. 145. 2018https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00004-3

Remyelination is critical for white matter stroke recovery.

Europ. J. BioMed. Res. 2015; 1: 18-22https://doi.org/10.18088/ejbmr.1.4.2015.pp18-22

Imaging of ischemic stroke.

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learn. Neurol. 2016; 22: 1399-1423https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000376

• Liu Y.
• D’Arceuil H.E.
• Westmoreland S.
• He J.
• Duggan M.
• Gonzalez R.G.
• De Crespigny A.J.

Serial diffusion tensor MRI after transient and permanent cerebral ischemia in nonhuman primates.

Stroke. 2007; 38: 138-145https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000252127.07428.9c

Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16: 9949-9975https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16059949

• Montal V.
• Vilaplana E.
• Alcolea D.
• Pegueroles J.
• Pasternak O.
• Gonz S.
• Mart P.

Cortical microstructural changes along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum.

Alzheimers Dement. 2017; 14: 340-351https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.013

• Moulton E.
• Magno S.
• Valabregue R.
• Amor-sahli M.
• Pires C.
• Lehéricy S.
• Rosso C.

Acute diffusivity biomarkers for prediction of motor and language outcome in mild-to-severe stroke patients.

Stroke. 2019; 50: 1-7https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.024946

• Nael K.
• Trouard T.P.
• Lafleur S.R.
• Krupinski E.A.
• Salamon N.
• Kidwell C.S.

White matter ischemic changes in hyperacute ischemic stroke: voxel-based analysis using diffusion tensor imaging and MR perfusion.

Stroke. 2015; 46: 413-418https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007000

• Nagaraja N.
• Forder J.R.
• Warach S.
• Merino J.G.

Reversible diffusion-weighted imaging lesions in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review.

Neurology. 2020; 94: 571-587https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009173

• Narasimhalu K.
• Lee J.
• Leong Y.L.
• Ma L.
• De Silva D.A.
• Wong M.C.
• Chen C.

Inflammatory markers and their association with post stroke cognitive decline.

Int. J. Stroke. 2015; 10: 513-518https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12001

• Pinter D.
• Gattringer T.
• Fandler-Höfler S.
• Kneihsl M.
• Eppinger S.
• Deutschmann H.
• Enzinger C.

Early progressive changes in white matter integrity are associated with stroke recovery.

Transl. Stroke Res. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-020-00797-x

• Pitkonen M.
• Abo-Ramadan U.
• Marinkovic I.
• Pedrono E.
• Hasan K.M.
• Strbian D.
• Tatlisumak T.

Long-term evolution of diffusion tensor indices after temporary experimental ischemic stroke in rats.

Brain Res. 2012; 1445: 103-110https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.043

• Ringer T.M.
• Neumann-Haefelin T.
• Sobel R.A.
• Moseley M.E.
• Yenari M.A.

Reversal of early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities does not necessarily reflect tissue salvage in experimental cerebral ischemia.

Stroke. 2001; 32: 2362-2369https://doi.org/10.1161/hs1001.096058

• Rivers C.S.
• Wardlaw J.M.
• Armitage P.A.
• Bastin M.E.
• Carpenter T.K.
• Cvoro V.
• Dennis M.S.

Persistent infarct hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging late after stroke indicates heterogeneous, delayed, infarct evolution.

Stroke. 2006; 37: 1418-1423https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000221294.90068.c4

• Rowe M.
• Siow B.
• Alexander D.C.
• Ferizi U.
• Richardson S.

Concepts of diffusion in MRI.

in: Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Practical Handbook. 2016: 23-35https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3118-7

Resolution of inflammation during multiple sclerosis.

Semin. Immunopathol. 2019; 41: 711-726https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-019-00765-0

• Schellinger P.D.
• Bryan R.N.
• Caplan L.R.
• Detre J.A.
• Edelman R.R.
• Jaigobin C.
• Warach S.

Evidence-based guideline: the role of diffusion and perfusion mri for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke: report of the therapeutics and technology subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

Neurology. 2010; 75: 175-185https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318219a0b4

• Schirmer M.D.
• Giese A.-K.
• Fotiadis P.
• Etherton M.R.
• Cloonan L.
• Viswanathan A.
• Rost N.S.

Spatial signature of white matter Hyperintensities in stroke patients.

Front. Neurol. 2019; 10: 1-10https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00208

• Shereen A.
• Nemkul N.
• Yang D.
• Adhami F.
• Dunn R.S.
• Hazen M.L.
• Kuan C.Y.

Ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging and neuropathological correlation in a murine model of hypoxia-ischemia-induced thrombotic stroke.

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2011; 31: 1155-1169https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.212

• Shi K.
• Tian D.C.
• Li Z.G.
• Ducruet A.F.
• Lawton M.T.
• Shi F.D.

Global brain inflammation in stroke.

Lancet Neurol. 2019; 18: 1058-1066https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30078-X

• Simard J.
• Kent T.
• Chen M.
• Tarasov K.
• Gerzanich V.

Brain oedema in focal ischaemia: molecular pathophysiology and theoretical implications.

Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6: 258-268https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70055-8. Brain

• Soares J.M.
• Marques P.
• Alves V.
• Sousa N.

A hitchhiker’s guide to diffusion tensor imaging.

Front. Neurosci. 2013; https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00031

• Song S.K.
• Sun S.W.
• Ju W.K.
• Lin S.J.
• Cross A.H.
• Neufeld A.H.

Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia.

NeuroImage. 2003; 20: 1714-1722https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.005

• Song S.K.
• Sun S.W.
• Ramsbottom M.J.
• Chang C.
• Russell J.
• Cross A.H.

Dysmyelination revealed through MRI as increased radial (but unchanged axial) diffusion of water.

NeuroImage. 2002; https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1267

The role of diffusion tensor imaging in the evaluation of ischemic brain injury – a review.

NMR Biomed. 2002; 15: 561-569https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.786

• Srivastava A.K.
• Mehrotra G.
• Bhargava S.K.
• Agarwal S.
• Tripathi R.P.

Studies on the time course of apparent diffusion coefficient and signal intensities on T2- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute cerebral ischemic stroke.

J. Med. Phys. 2008; 33: 162-170https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6203.44479

• Strbian D.
• Meretoja A.
• Putaala J.
• Kaste M.
• Tatlisumak T.
• Ville A.
• Marjaana T.

Cerebral edema in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis.

Int. J. Stroke. 2013; 8: 529-534https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00781.x

• Sun S.W.
• Liang H.F.
• Trinkaus K.
• Cross A.H.
• Armstrong R.C.
• Song S.K.

Noninvasive detection of cuprizone induced axonal damage and demyelination in the mouse corpus callosum.

Magn. Reson. Med. 2006; 55: 302-308https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.20774

• Szczepankiewicz F.
• Lätt J.
• Wirestam R.
• Leemans A.
• Sundgren P.
• Van Westen D.
• Nilsson M.

NeuroImage variability in diffusion kurtosis imaging : impact on study design, statistical power and interpretation.

NeuroImage. 2013; 76: 145-154https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.078

• Tae W.
• Ham B.-J.
• Pyun S.-B.
• Kang S.-H.
• Kim B.-J.

Current clinical applications of diffusion-tensor imaging in neurological disorders.

J. Clin. Neurol. 2018; 14: 129-140https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2018.14.2.129

• Theaud G.
• Houde J.C.
• Boré A.
• Rheault F.
• Morency F.
• Descoteaux M.

TractoFlow: a robust, efficient and reproducible diffusion MRI pipeline leveraging Nextflow & Singularity.

NeuroImage. 2020; 218https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116889

• Tipirneni-Sajja A.
• Christensen S.
• Straka M.
• Inoue M.
• Lansberg M.G.
• Mlynash M.
• Albers G.W.

Prediction of final infarct volume on subacute MRI by quantifying cerebral edema in ischemic stroke.

J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2017; 37: 3077-3084https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16683960

• Tsai Y.H.
• Hsu L.M.
• Weng H.H.
• Lee M.H.
• Yang J.T.
• Lin C.P.

Functional diffusion map as an imaging predictor of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral haemorrhage.

Br. J. Radiol. 2013; 86: 1-8https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20110644

• van Gelderen P.
• de Vleeschouwer M.H.M.
• DesPres D.
• Pekar J.
• van Zijl P.C.M.
• Moonen C.T.W.

Water diffusion and acute stroke.

Magn. Reson. Med. 1994; 31: 154-163https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910310209

Why is Wallerian degeneration in the CNS so slow?.

Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2007; 30: 153-179https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094354

• Visser M.M.
• Yassi N.
• Campbell B.C.V.
• Desmond P.M.
• Davis S.M.
• Spratt N.
• Bivard A.

White matter degeneration after ischemic stroke: a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study.

J. Neuroimaging. 2019; 29: 111-118https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12556

• Wanner I.B.
• Anderson M.A.
• Song B.
• Levine J.
• Fernandez A.
• Gray-Thompson Z.
• Sofroniew M.V.

Glial scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astrocytes that interact to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells via STAT3-dependent mechanisms after spinal cord injury.

J. Neurosci. 2013; 33: 12870-12886https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2121-13.2013

• Wardlaw J.M.
• Chappell F.M.
• Valdés Hernández M.D.C.
• Makin S.D.J.
• Staals J.
• Shuler K.
• Dennis M.S.

White matter hyperintensity reduction and outcomes after minor stroke.

Neurology. 2017; 89: 1003-1010https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004328

• Winklewski P.J.
• Sabisz A.
• Naumczyk P.
• Jodzio K.
• Szurowska E.
• Szarmach A.

Understanding the physiopathology behind axial and radial diffusivity changes-what do we know?.

Front. Neurol. 2018; 9https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00092

• Xie M.
• Tobin J.E.
• Budde M.D.
• Chen C.
• Trinkaus K.
• Cross A.H.
• Armstrong R.C.

Rostro-caudal analysis of Corpus callosum demyelination and axon damage across disease stages refines diffusion tensor imaging correlations with pathological features.

J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2011; 69: 704-716https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181e3de90.Rostro-Caudal

• Xing C.
• Arai K.
• Lo E.H.
• Hommel M.

Pathophysiologic cascades in ischemic stroke.

Int. J. Stroke. 2012; 7: 378-385https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00839.x

• Zhang X.
• Yan Y.
• Tong F.
• Li C.-X.
• Jones B.
• Wang S.
• Howell L.

Progressive assessment of ischemic injury to white matter using diffusion tensor imaging: a preliminary study of a macaque model of stroke.

Open Neuroimag. J. 2018; 12: 30-41https://doi.org/10.2174/1874440001812010030